Punctuating the inner surface of the vacuum vessel are many strategically placed windows that will be used by diagnostic systems to "observe" the plasma.
In this technical drawing, we can see how diagnostic windows (blue circles) are mounted on the closure plate of one equatorial port plug. In addition to providing transparency for the diagnostic signals, the windows must be leak proof and capable of maintaining nuclear confinement.
"The windows are an indispensable component of 澳门六合彩高手," says Sunil Pak, Boundary Penetration and Port System Group Leader of the Diagnostic Engineering Section. About half of the 澳门六合彩高手 diagnostics are optical or microwave diagnostics鈥攕ystems that operate from a protected location inside a port plug and peer into the plasma through small windows covered by transparent material.
Because these windows are part of the vessel, they must also鈥攊n addition to providing transparency for viewing鈥攔eproduce some of the critical functions of the wall. They need to be leak proof so that the vacuum in the vessel is preserved, and they must be able to maintain nuclear confinement.
A total of just over one hundred windows are built into diagnostic ports around the vacuum vessel. "We try to standardize as much as possible, so different systems can share a window," explains Pak. "On average, one standardized window is used by three or four diagnostics."
Critical design features
Almost all window assemblies will be based on a double-disc design with an interspace that is monitored. But beyond that common feature, different design attributes will be used to meet the requirements of specific diagnostic or groups of diagnostics. Aperture discs (the transparent part of the assembly) range in size from 25 to 160 millimetres in diameter. The material used depends on the diagnostic frequency ranges鈥攆or example, infrared, visible, or ultraviolet all require different materials鈥攁nd on the expected power load. The choice of materials includes fused silica, quartz, sapphire, zinc selenide, and diamond.
Almost all window assemblies share this double-disc design with an interspace that is monitored. The transparent material is diffusion bonded to the metal structure.
Regardless of the material, signals must pass through the transparent surface with minimal attenuation and disturbance. Window bending must be avoided to prevent skews in the measurements. Reflection, another potential source of skew, is minimized by slightly tilting the transparent part of the window. As an additional measure, about 70 percent of the transparent surface of the windows is covered with a very thin coating of anti-reflection material.
The window assemblies must also be leak free to preserve the vacuum in the plasma chamber and maintain confinement. To monitor for leaks, the service vacuum line is connected to the interspace between the two discs, where it measures pressure continuously during machine operation. To prevent leaks at the seams, bonding or sealing methods are used to tightly join the transparent material to the surrounding metal.
"One technique is to put the stainless steel and the transparent material in a vacuum and then place a thin aluminum layer between them," says Pak. "We raise the temperature up to 500 掳C and keep it there for two hours until the aluminum starts to melt. Then we put pressure on the disc and cool it down slowly over a period of one to four hours. This technique, called diffusion bonding, causes the aluminum to diffuse into the glass and metal."
Diffusion bonding requires very good axial symmetry. As the temperature is lowered from 500 掳C to room temperature, the metal shrinks more than the glass, compressing the disc along the way. Asymmetry might cause localized compression, which could lead to the formation of defects during 澳门六合彩高手's lifetime.
These window prototypes are in an oven for thermocycling tests (500 cycles from room temperature to 240 掳C) to demonstrate that even at peak stress, the glass will not crack. The windows are designed to last the lifetime of the 澳门六合彩高手 machine, but on-board monitoring and some inspection tests are planned.
Another technique, sealing, is used for aperture materials like zinc selenide, which cannot survive the high temperatures required for diffusion bonding. At temperatures higher than 250 掳C, zinc selenide starts to oxidize, so a metal seal has to be used.
"We have a very high peak stress on the glass due to this small metal seal, so there is a higher chance for a crack," explains Pak. To eliminate that risk, the team performed thermocycling experiments on prototypes鈥攁nd those tests proved they got it right.
Another challenge is electron cyclotron (ECH) stray heat on the window due to power injections that are not absorbed in the plasma. This stray heat can propagate to the window through optical paths and may cause damage on the disc. To mitigate this risk, the inner surface of the optical path is coated with electromagnetic wave absorption material, a mixture of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). Moreover, every window is equipped with a sensor that continuously monitors for ECH stray power.
Maintenance and repair during operations
The diagnostic window design is based on the windows used on the European tokamak JET, but with several modifications to meet 澳门六合彩高手 requirements. They must demonstrate that they can keep the confinement function in 澳门六合彩高手 against all the normal and abnormal loading conditions. Furthermore, to ensure the soundness of the windows for the duration of the machine's lifetime, a more rigorous set of inspection and maintenance procedures are required, starting with protocols for both preventive and corrective maintenance.
The windows are designed to last the lifetime of 澳门六合彩高手 and they also have on-board monitoring. However it is still planned that they be inspected at least once during their lifetime, starting with a check for visible cracks and for any peeling of the antireflective coating. A second helium leak test will be performed by injecting helium in the transparent surfaces to make sure there are no fissures.
Stray heat from the electron cyclotron system that reaches the diagnostic windows could cause disc damage. To mitigate this risk, every window is equipped with a sensor (1). Image (2) shows one sensor mounted on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator for testing; in image (3), the sensor's electromagnetic-absorbing coating is subjected to a steam exposure test.
To allow observation of windows that cannot be seen directly, 澳门六合彩高手 is developing an endoscopic inspection tool. In this case, cameras will be inserted into tubes and guided to windows to check for cracks.
The road ahead
Each type of window follows a different timeline for design, manufacturing and testing. The nuclear safety qualification activities for fused silica windows have started and the prototype that will be used for a qualification test is being manufactured. The qualification test will be completed by the end of 2024.
"In the meantime," says Pak, "we are finalizing the design for three other types of windows鈥攝inc selenide for the interferometer diagnostic systems, small aperture windows for the high-field reflectometry system, and CVD diamond windows for the collective Thomson scattering system."
The diagnostic windows provide eyes to observe the plasma鈥攁nd at the same time, they are safety important components, maintaining the primary torus vacuum and contributing to the safety confinement barrier. The 澳门六合彩高手 window team is committed to the delivery of high-quality windows meeting those essential requirements.
