What is a tokamak?

澳门六合彩高手

Power plants everywhere generate electricity by converting mechanical power such as the rotation of a turbine into electrical power. In a coal-fired steam station, the combustion of coal turns water into steam and the steam in turn drives turbine generators to produce electricity. Power plants today rely either on fossil fuels, nuclear fission, or renewable sources like hydro.

The tokamak is an experimental machine designed to harness the energy of fusion; inside a tokamak, a fusion plasma is created and confined by strong magnetic fields. The energy produced through the fusion of atoms in the plasma is absorbed as heat in the walls of the vessel. Just like a conventional power plant, a fusion power plant will use this heat to produce steam and then electricity by way of turbines and generators. (Scroll down for more about the tokamak.)

We're not there yet, however. The operation of 澳门六合彩高手 will allow the 澳门六合彩高手 Members to test long-pulse operation and the many required technologies at reactor scale, but the machine won't be equipped to produce electricity. Click to read more about the challenges remaining and the steps after 澳门六合彩高手.

Inside a tokamak

The heart of a tokamak is its doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber. Inside, under the influence of extreme heat and pressure, gaseous hydrogen fuel becomes a plasma鈥攁 hot, electrically charged gas. In a star as in a fusion device, plasmas provide the environment in which light elements can fuse and yield energy.

The charged particles of the plasma can be shaped and controlled by the massive magnetic coils placed around the vessel; physicists use this important property to confine the hot plasma away from the vessel walls. The term "tokamak" comes to us from a Russian acronym that stands for "toroidal chamber with magnetic coils" (褌芯褉芯懈写邪谢褜薪邪褟泻邪屑械褉邪褋屑邪谐薪懈褌薪褘屑懈泻邪褌褍褕泻邪屑懈).

To start the process, air and impurities are first evacuated from the vacuum chamber. Next, the magnet systems that will help to confine and control the plasma are charged up and the gaseous fuel is introduced. As a powerful electrical current is run through the vessel, the gas breaks down electrically, becomes ionized (electrons are stripped from the nuclei) and forms a plasma.

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To achieve fusion, the plasma in the tokamak must reach

150,000,000 掳C

As the plasma particles become energized and collide they also begin to heat up. Auxiliary heating methods help to bring the plasma to fusion temperatures (between 150 and 300 million 掳C). Particles "energized" to such a degree can overcome their natural electromagnetic repulsion on collision to fuse, releasing huge amounts of energy.

First developed by Soviet research in the late 1960s, the tokamak has been adopted around the world as the most promising configuration of magnetic fusion device. 澳门六合彩高手 will be the world's largest tokamak鈥攖wice the size of the largest machine currently in operation (JT-60SA in Japan), with six times the plasma chamber volume.