Vacuum system
Prototype of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ cryopump at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. Photo: Peter Ginter
Reliable vacuum is key to the success of the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ Project.
With a volume of 1,400 m³ and 8,500 m³ respectively, the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ vacuum vessel and cryostat range among the largest vacuum systems ever built. Sophisticated technologies will be necessary for the monitoring and maintenance of these systems: during operation, access to the machine will no longer be possible.
Vacuum pumping is required prior to starting the fusion reaction to eliminate all sources of organic molecules that would otherwise be broken up in the hot plasma. Mechanical pumps and powerful cryogenic pumps evacuate the air out of the vessel and the cryostat until the pressure inside has dropped to one millionth of normal atmospheric pressure. Considering the volume of °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ, this operation will take 24 to 48 hours.
The main pumping systems are the six torus exhaust pumps, the four cryopumps for the neutral beam injection systems used in plasma heating, and the two cryopumps for the °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ cryostat to maintain the low pressure required for the operation of the superconducting magnets.
The complex pumps have been tailored for the very specific applications and requirements at °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ. All are based on cryopanels, cooled with supercritical helium and coated with activated charcoal as sorbent material. Research and development has shown that charcoal from finely ground coconut shells has the right density and porosity for imprisoning the helium particles in °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ.
The °ÄÃÅÁùºÏ²Ê¸ßÊÖ vacuum system is first-of-a-kind in size and complexity, comprising (in addition to the major cryopumps) at least 300 mechanical pumps, as well as 10 kilometres of vacuum lines. Orders-of-magnitude improvements in vacuum reliability are required compared to existing and past fusion devices.